From concept to intervention

a multidimensional framework for burnout in youth sports

Abstract

This article addresses the growing challenge of burnout in young athletes, characterized by physical and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced perception of competence. The central objective is to present a critical and integrative synthesis of the main theoretical models on burnout in youth sports, articulating their contributions within a multidimensional framework to guide research and practice. Methodologically, the study is based on the integration of five widely recognized theoretical models: the affective-cognitive model of stress (Smith, 1986), the negative response to physical training (Silva, 1990), the sociological model of identity and external control (Coakley, 1992), the integrated model of burnout in sport (Gustafsson et al., 2011), and Self-Determination Theory (Deci; Ryan, 2000). This approach seeks to overcome the fragmentation of existing analyses, recognizing the dynamic interaction between physiological, psychological, and sociocultural variables. The results of the analysis reveal that burnout is a multifaceted process, influenced by situational demands, negative cognitive evaluations, physiological and behavioral responses, as well as personality and motivational factors. The integration of the models allows the identification not only of risk factors, but also of mediating and moderating variables, such as social support and satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which explain the distinct responses of athletes. Finally, the article proposes a multidimensional preventive model structured on five pillars: training load management, development of psychological skills, promotion of autonomy, identity diversification, and a motivational climate supportive of autonomy. This model offers a practical roadmap for coaches, psychologists, managers, and families, aiming to create training environments that reconcile performance, well-being, and human development, contributing to more sustainable sports careers and lasting positive experiences.